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California hide trade
The California hide trade was a vast trading system of various products based in cities along the California coastline, operating from the early 1820s to the mid-1840s, in turn becoming the most essential constituent of that region’s contemporary economy. The trade encompassed cities extending from Canton to Lima to Boston, involving many nations including Russia, Mexico, the United States, and the United Kingdom. In this process, sailors from around the globe often representing corporations swapped finished goods of all kinds from Boston and other cities in exchange for tens of thousands of hides (dried animal skins) and tallow (melted animal fat) procured from cattle owned by California ranchers.
==Process of trade==
The far reaching California Hide Trade began humbly with the making of its eponymous products, hide and tallow, during the early nineteenth century around 1810. Rancheros (affluent cattle farmers) and their vaqueros (cowboys) cared for free-ranging livestock along the California seaboard with the help of a Native American workforce. The cattle were not only the source of their food and many common supplies, but also their economy and livelihood. The often overabundant hides of the cattle were taken near the shore and the remaining fat from the cattle was liquefied and separated, thus creating tallow, collected in repositories crafted from hides known as botas. Both goods would be stockpiled near hub ports like San Diego and Monterey to await sale to international trading vessels. Hide skins would first need to be cured, cleaned, stretched, dried in the summer sun, whipped, salted, and folded, a long and tedious process completed by sailors themselves with the aid of Native Americans and the Hawaiian Kanaka peoples, together called ‘“droghers”’. Then the dried hides would be taken from the stocks, loaded painstakingly onto boats and rowed to a ship which might be three miles away. The hides, after this process, would be shipped to the eastern United States on vessels bound for Boston and the Northeast, where they would be crafted for use into leather-based goods like shoes and boots. Constituting the most widely traded good, the California hides were often known as ‘“California banknotes”’ due to common use as a medium of exchange. The tallow, on the other hand, would be taken on vessels to South American countries such as Peru and Chile where it was used to make candles and soap.
In order to take part in the exchange itself, the Mexican government, which ruled California at this time, instituted a fee for foreign ships to pay upon entry into the coastal waters, a fee often manipulated and avoided by trading captains through subterfuge and bribery of collectors. A tariff system charging up to 15,000 pesos enacted by the Mexican government would be paid at the customs house at Monterey, which allowed trading vessels to buy and sell goods at all of the California ports. To be able to evade the tariff was considered the mark of a professional and a badge of honor by many captains of the day. Predominantly American vessels, which negotiated high tariffs on their payloads via honest or dishonest means, often saw returns three times the value of the cargo which they brought. At the same time, the settlers (Spanish-speakers born in the area became known as Californios) were able to purchase any number of manufactured products from trading ships, notably described by the writer Richard Henry Dana as ‘“floating department stores”’. Products purchased by the Californios and others were diverse and significant, many being finished goods not fabricated in the region, including silk, wine, sugar, lace, cotton, hats, horses, clothes, tobacco, cutlery and tea from abroad.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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